Breast cancer is often seen as a disease that primarily affects women, but it's crucial to recognize that men can also be diagnosed with this condition. With Breast Cancer Awareness Month upon us, it’s a perfect time to shed light on the often-overlooked issue of male breast cancer and the importance of early detection.
In the United States alone, the American Cancer Society estimates that in 2024, approximately 2,790 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in men. Unfortunately, about 530 men are expected to die from the disease this year.
Despite these significant numbers, male breast cancer remains about 100 times less common among White men than among White women, and about 70 times less common among Black men than Black women, the American Cancer Society goes on to say.
However, the prognosis for Black men with breast cancer is notably poorer, echoing a pattern seen in Black women.
These statistics underscore that, while less common, male breast cancer is a serious issue with substantial implications.
Risk factors for male breast cancer
Understanding the risk factors associated with male breast cancer can aid in early detection and prevention efforts. Key risk factors for male breast cancer include:
- Age: The average age of diagnosis of breast cancer in men is 72, and the risk increases with age.
- Family history: A family history of breast cancer can increase a man’s risk, with about 20% of men with breast cancer having a close relative with the disease.
- Inherited gene mutations: Mutations in gene BRCA2, and to a lesser extent BRCA1, can significantly raise a man’s risk of developing breast cancer. Other gene mutations, such as those in CHEK2, PTEN, and PALB2, might also be involved.
- Obesity or overweight: Excess body fat converts male hormones into estrogen, raising the risk of breast cancer.
- Alcohol consumption: Heavy drinking is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer.
- Liver disease: Severe liver conditions can disrupt hormone balance, elevating the risk of both gynecomastia (benign male breast growth) and breast cancer.
- Estrogen treatment: Previous use of estrogen-related drugs for prostate cancer treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk.
- Radiation exposure: Prior radiation treatment, especially in the chest area, can increase male breast cancer risk.
- Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic condition, Klinefelter syndrome is present in about 1 in 1,000 men, involves an extra X chromosome and is associated with a heightened risk of breast cancer.
- Testicular conditions: Having an undescended testical, previously having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed may increase breast cancer risk.
Male breast cancer symptoms
Men should be aware of the symptoms of breast cancer, which are similar to those in women:
- Lump or Mass: Often painless, located beneath the nipple or areola.
- Nipple Changes: Including retraction (turning inward), scaling, redness, or discharge.
- Breast Pain: Although less common than in women, it can occur.
- Swelling: Enlargement of one breast compared to the other.
- Skin Changes: Such as dimpling or puckering.
Additional symptoms may include lumps or swelling under the arms or collarbone.
It’s important to differentiate between gynecomastia, which is benign breast tissue enlargement, and cancerous conditions.
What should I do if I have breast cancer symptoms?
If you notice any of the above symptoms, don’t delay seeking medical advice. Here are steps to follow:
- Monitor Symptoms: Any lump or change in breast tissue present for more than a few weeks should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
- Family History: If you have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, discuss your risks with your doctor.
- Seek Expertise: If you are able, consult a breast cancer specialist familiar with male breast cancer.
- Get a Second Opinion: If you’re unsatisfied with your initial evaluation, don’t hesitate to seek a second opinion.
Early detection is crucial. Men often delay seeing a healthcare provider, which can lead to diagnosis at a more advanced stage. Yet catching cancer early on makes the disease far easier to treat and defeat. Being proactive and informed can make a significant difference in outcomes.
Greater awareness is key to improving male breast cancer outcomes
Despite the statistics, male breast cancer remains underrepresented in public health messages. There are currently no screening programs for men, even for those with a genetic predisposition, and many breast cancer charities often focus on female breast cancer, leaving men with less information and support. It’s vital to break this silence and promote awareness among men and healthcare providers alike.
By spreading the word and fostering open conversations about male breast cancer, we can ensure better awareness, earlier detection, and ultimately, better outcomes for those affected.